Study and Tips+Tricks here

HTML Color code finder software (just by hover on screen)

2012-03-02T13:52:00.001+05:30

Instant Eyedropper is a free software tool for webmasters that will identify and automatically paste to the clipboard the HTML color code of any pixel on the screen with just a single mouse click.
Eyedropper help in finding color code of any portion of
an object with a single click. To get the html color code just follow these steps.

Download the EveDropper tool from given link. Download Instant Eyedropper
After installation Instant Eyedropper icon will be created in system tray.
Move the mouse pointer to the Instant Eyedropper icon in the system tray as shown below.

Press and hold the left mouse button and move the mouse pointer to the pixel (object location on screen) whose color you want to identify.

Release the mouse button.
That's it. The clipboard now contains the color code - in HTML format (or any other format that you have previously specified). It can be pasted and used in any text or HTML editor or the Color Picker tool of Photoshop.

I hope this post will be much helpful for webmasters.

Get email alerts on mobile via SMS free of cost.

2012-03-01T19:20:00.000+05:30

The new email notification alert by Way2SMS helps you receive email alerts on your mobile through SMS without the need of GPRS. Once you activate this service you will never be away from your Inbox.
The service works for multiple Inboxes, be it Gmail or Yahoo.
You even get options to configure the alerts e.g. you may not like to receive the SMS from 8 PM to 8 AM in the morning or you may not like to receive email notifications for an email by a particular friend who sends you 10 forwarded emails in a day.
Steps to follow:

Login to way2sms.com.
Register your mobile number.
Verify your mobile number by entering the unique ID you will receive on your mobile through SMS .
Click on Mail Alerts tab which looks like below image.

Create an Email Alert in way2sms account .

Create an email address on way2sms e.g someone@way2sms.com.
Change settings in your Gmail or Yahoo account to forward all or selected emails to your unique way2sms email account as shown below.

Change email Forwarding settings for your account.

Create email alert notifications for your email Inbox if way2sms.
Configure the alerts as per your time preference.
Once you confirm your changes in email account the it will start forwarding email alerts on your mobile.

Hope this will work fine for you guys, If not then leave your comments.

Free alternative of Winzip and Winrar

2012-02-16T00:32:00.000+05:30

When we think to compress some important files to reduce their size, we always use Winzip and Winrar. These utility programs are very famous to handle archive formats zip, rar, tar etc.

But these softwares are not totally free. So it is better to use a free alternative instead of a paying one.
7-zip is a free utility program to handle archive formats. This software has very simple user interface and a window only tool.

To download it go to www.7-zip.org

How to Use Mobile phone camera as web cam?

2012-02-15T23:59:00.000+05:30

If you have a camera phone so their is no need of spend money on a web-cam. You can use your mobile camera as web-cam.

This article will explain you, how to use a mobile camera as web-cam.

Here is the trick to make your mobile camera a web cam. To do this Download Mobiola-Web-Camera

Its a most popular software to use mobile cam as web cam. It supports Symbian S60, S60 V3, UIQ, Windows Mobile, Blackberry, iphone etc.

Start the Mobiola application on your mobile and PC.

From your mobile, select Options > Connect and select the connection method – Bluetooth, USB or Wi-Fi.
You can adjust the video quality, contrast and brightness from Options > Settings.
Website- www.warelex.com/mobiola-web-camera

Add Google +1 Button in Facebook post

2012-02-15T23:48:00.000+05:30

Google +1 Button in Facebook post

Google +1 button allow you to recommend your favorite sites to your friends. Now you can add this button in Your Facebook profile near the Like button. So you will be able to Like & +1 your favorite post in Facebook.

To add Google +1 Button in Facebook follow these steps.

Go to this address from your Google Chrome https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/filcdchddjiekgohoaojfoofhbfbamig

This is a chrome extension and its name is +OneFB

Install it in crome

Now your are ready to plus1 your post from Facebook profile.

Publish Blog/Website feeds to facebook page.

2012-02-15T14:45:00.000+05:30

1. RSS Graffiti is one of the perfect choices if you want your new published post appears on your Facebook profile or pages
wall instantly each time you publish them.
This way your entire fans will notice with what you just published and can “Like” or “Share” it to their friends.

2. Dlvr.it also has similar service as RSS Graffiti, can be used to deliver or to automatically import blog feed to Facebook seamlessl.

3.Blog RSS Feed Reader. Never tried this app myself, but judging by the name and the developer’s description, Blog RSS Feed Reader brings similar service as RSS Graffiti and Dilvr.It. Therefore if you have tried many Blog Feed importing apps, and don’t like them, try this one then:).

Celebrities Wallpapers (240x320) for Mobile.

2012-02-15T11:34:00.000+05:30

Expand the post to download Celebrities wallpapers (240x320).

Download Nature Wallpapers for Mobile. (240x320)

2012-02-15T10:49:00.000+05:30

Read More to download Nature Wallpapers. (240x320)

Animated GIF Mobile Wallpapers (240x320)

2012-02-15T10:33:00.000+05:30

Expand the post to download Animated mobile wallpapers in GIF format (240x320)

Information you get from IMEI number.

2012-02-13T11:59:00.000+05:30

To check IMEI (International MobileEquipment Identity) for any mobile or cellular phone.
On the main screen type *#06#

Information you get from the IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
    XXXXXX    XX     XXXXXX    X
        TAC      FAC       SNR SP

TAC = Type approval code of your Nokia Mobile
FAC = Final assembly code of your cell phone
SNR = Serial number of your Nokia Phone
SP = Spare

To check the phones Software revision type-
*#0000#
Information you get from the Software revision-
V 05.31 Software revision
18-02-99     The date of the software release
NSE-3           Phone type

Mobile Wallpapers (size- 240x320)

2012-02-13T11:47:00.000+05:30

Right Click on any image and choose "save image as" to download the wallpaper.

Mobile Wallpapers ( 240x320 )

2012-02-13T11:31:00.000+05:30

Expand the post and view more wallpapers.
Just Right Click on any image and choose "save image as" to download the wallpaper image.

Use your Mobile as a spy

2012-02-13T11:03:00.000+05:30

Now you can spy on anyone using yourcellphone. Just do the following.

Activate the "Automatic Answer" in the headset profile of your cellphone and set the ringing volume to "Mute"
Short-circuit the left middle and right pins on the bottom of the mobile phone with all connections touching each other this will activate profile "Headset".
If you cant do this just keep your earphone connected to mobile.
Now place it under a table in a room and call it. Now you can use your phone for checking out what people are talking about in a room. Just call on your phone.
The phone receives the call without ringing and you can listen to what people are talking about.

How to Block unwanted emails or spams.

2012-01-23T16:50:00.000+05:30

Neither you nor I like spam or unwanted emails in our inbox. So that's why I am going to tell you a simple trick to block such unwanted spam mails. Just follow these step to do this -->

Go to setting,

under setting click on filter,

Now create a New filter by clicking on the option "Create a New Filter".

Now in the form field enter the email id to block it.

For example- you dont want to receive mails from abc@example.com so fill it in the form to block it. Or if you want to block the whole domain so just fill *@example.com in the form and block it. Now all the incoming mails form example.com will be blocked.

You can delete these filters any time when you want to receive mails from these blocked email ids.

* Sharing information is the key to learn more, hope you understand it.

Write Indian Rupee symbol from regular keyboard.

2012-01-23T16:32:00.000+05:30

India Rupee symbol using regular keyboard.

The symbol for Indian currency has been introduced on 15 July 2010. This symbol has been designed by Mr. D. Uday Kumar.

After launching this currency symbol many keyboard manufacturing companies introduced special keyboards to type this symbol in any word processing application. But what about those who don't have such keyword and buying these special keyboard for only a symbol is not a right choice. So what to do? Just read this article for answer.

Step to Type Rupee Symbol:

Step1. Download the Rupee Foradian Font (this is a win rar file).
Step 2. Install this font in your system ( copy the font and paste it in [window drive letter]:/windows/fonts )
Step 3. After installing the font open MS word (or any other program to type this symbol) and type here "`" from your keyboard. [the key between the inverted comma is below the ESC key in your keyboard]

Step 4. Now select the text " ` " and change the font to "Rupee Foradian". You have done.

* Sharing information is the key to learn more, hope you understand it.

Make free calls from your computer to phone.

2012-01-23T16:14:00.000+05:30

Today I am going to tell you about a website which provide Free international calls from Computer to phone. i.e, Evaphone.com. Evaphone is archived by using VoIP ( voice over internet protocol). VoIP is a service that allows user to call through their PC.

How To Use EvaPhone?

1. You must have a Computer, Microphone, Internet Connection and flash player 9 or above.

2. Go to evaphone.com.

3. Now let the flash widget load and enter phone number to free call trough Evaphone system.

4. Pree the call button.

After some time you will get a message “Your free call limit is exceeded for today. Would you like to register?” and “Call limit is exceeded for your IP”.

* Sharing information is the key to learn more, hope you understand it.

Access Facebook without Internet Connection.

2012-01-19T15:07:00.000+05:30

Facebook has partnered with Fonetwish for free access to Facebook accounts without Internet connection.Now you access Facebook even with stone age phones like Nokia 1100 which even don’t have Gprs facility.
However access to facebook account and Status updates is completely free.If you also want to use features like Notifications, updating friends wall you have to subscribe to Fonetwish premium plan which is very cheap.

How it works:-

Just dial *325# or *fbk# from your mobile and wait for the confirmation message on the screen. Give your username and password to access Facebook without any Data Charges.

That’s it! This is the New Year gift from the Facebook to the Indian users.

Note:-This service is currently available on Airtel, Aircel and Tata Docomo (India) & XLcom, Telkomsel (Indonesia).

* Sharing information is the key to learn more, hope you understand it.

Set My Documents on a Different Drive

2012-01-19T03:11:00.000+05:30

Thetarget folder for "My Documents" is default to be a folder inthe C drive (or the "System" drive) i.e. "C:\Documentsand Settings\....\My Documents".
It's better to change My Documents to another drive because when Windowscrashes, "My Documents" is not effected.

Steps to change(for example, to "D" drive):

Navigate to "My Documents" using one of the following methods.

-- Start > Programs > Accessories > Windows Explorer, "My Documents" should be listed under "Desktop".

Right click on "My Documents"and select "Properties".


Change documents default location

Under the "Target" tab, enter the desired location in the "Target:" box or click "Move" and select a target folder. (for example, enter "D:\My Documents"). If the target folder does not exist, you'll get a prompt to create it on the next step.
Click "Apply".
If the target folder does not exist, Windows will prompt a message to create the folder.
At the prompt to move the existing files and folders from the old location to the new location, click "Yes".
Click "OK".

* Sharing information is the key to learn more, hope you understand it.

Command Prompt on Right-Click

2012-01-19T02:38:00.000+05:30


Command Prompt on right click.

Programmersneed to launch a command prompt window every once in a while to execute somedos/shell commands. The problem is, when a command prompt window launched, the defaultpath is normally the system path or the user profile's path. The users willthen have to do all the "cd" commands to change the directories tothe path he/she wants.

Thistrick shows you how to add an option called "Command Prompt" when youright-click on a folder in Windows.

With this option, a Command Prompt Windowwill launch and its current directory will be the path to the folder you'veselected, as shown below.


CMD with current directory

Steps to follow :-

Start > Run
Enter "regedit" and hit Enter
Expand to "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Classes\Folder\shell"
Right-click on "shell" and select New > Key
Make sure a new key is created under "shell". Change the name of this key to "Command Prompt"
Right-click on this new key "Command Prompt" and select New > Key
Change the name of this key to "command"
Here's what we should have:-


Create new regsitry key in shell

9. Double-click on the "(Default)" text on the right window to bring up the edit box.

10. Enter this text into the Value Data field:

11. cmd.exe "%1"

Click OK and close the registry.

* Sharing information is the key to learn more, hope you understand it.

DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing, BBC)

2012-01-15T18:21:00.000+05:30

DWDM(Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing) is a fiber optic transmissiontechnique that works by combining and transmitting multiple signals simultaneouslyon the same fiber in a dense wavelength grid.

WDM conceptual view.

DWDMcombines multiple optical signals to one single fibber in order to amplify thetransmission and to increase its bandwidth capacity.

DWDMtechnology offers many key benefits such as:

1. Allowing the transmission ofe-mail, video, multimedia, data and more.

2. It is possible to use signals indifferent rate and different format (ATM, SONET/SDH, IP, Ethernet and more).

3. A large amount of information canbe transferred.

4. It can handle high bit-rates.

5. Lower cost.

The optical network consists of lasers and optical fibers carryingflashers of light from the lasers. Increasing the number of lasers willincrease the bit rate. All the lasers send their light to the optical fiber atthe same time, and in order to distinguish between the sources, each flasherhas its own color (which is of different wavelength), in this way the receivedinformation in the other end of the network can be separated to its original.

With thislatest technology, individual lasers can transmit at 10 Gb/s ,and in WDMAtechnology we can have several lasers transmitting at the same time (The numberof lasers is , usually , a multiplication of 2).

Thecombination of several wavelengths together on the same fiber is calledmultiplexing; the separation called de-multiplexing .In order to detect aspecific wavelength we need to use a specific light detector.

DWDM Mux and De-Mux:

DWDM mux and de-mux.

The wavelengths of light usually vary around 1550 nanometer (in thiswavelength the loss and the attenuation consider to be low). The wavelength isa multiply of 0.8nm therefore if you have three wavelengths, It ispossible to use the following wavelengths: 1549.2nm, 1550nm and 1550.8nm.

From aQuality of Service standpoint, DWDM enables response to protocol changes andcustomers' bandwidth demands at lower costs.

DWDMSystem Structures:

A basic DWDM system structure is build from thefollowing components

transmitters
receivers
EDFA
Add and Drop.
DWDM multiplexers
DWDM de-multiplexers.

Explanation of structure entities:

1. Transmitters � lasers that transmit data with a very accurate wavelength � each laser is configured to transmit in acertain wavelength

2. Receivers� components that receive the signal and transmitthem into a de-multiplexer.

3. EDFA - Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier. Optical repeater device that amplifies the opticalsignal. Its is silica based optical fibers that is doped with erbium that boostthe power of the wavelength.

4. Add andDrop � components that receive a fiber optic with somewavelength multiplexed, and can drop or add a certain lambda from orto the signal.

5. DWDMmultiplexers � receive many optical signals, each one indifferent wavelength, and transmit the entire wavelength in one optic fiber.

6. DWDM de-multiplexers � Receive all the signals in one optic fiber , and transmit eachwavelength in a different fiber.

Thesystem structure is shown in the following diagram:


system structure DWDM

Thediagram shows that each wavelength transmitted by the laser is inserted intothe multiplexer. The multiplexer combines allthe signals from the different fibers into one signal in the optic fiber. Theoptic fiber can be inserted to an add & drop which can take a certain lambda to its channel, or add a certainlambda from the channel. It can move through EDFA for amplifying the signal. Atthe end of the channel it is inserted to a de-multiplexer that separates the differentwavelengths into different optic fibers.

Optical Amplifiers in BBC.

2012-01-15T18:12:00.000+05:30

An opticalamplifier is a device that amplifies an optical signal directly, without the needto first convert it to an electrical signal. An optical amplifier may bethought of as a laser without an optical cavity, or one in which feedback from the cavity issuppressed. Optical amplifiers are important in opticalcommunicationand laserphysics.

There are severaldifferent physical mechanisms that can be used to amplify a light signal, whichcorrespond to the major types of optical amplifiers. In doped fiber amplifiersand bulk lasers, stimulatedemission inthe amplifier's gainmediumcauses amplification of incoming light. In semiconductor optical amplfiers(SOAs), electron-hole recombination occurs. In Raman amplifiers, Raman scattering of incoming light with phonons in the lattice of the gain medium produces photons coherent with the incoming photons. Parametricamplifiersuse parametric amplification.

Laseramplifiers: Almostany laser active gain medium can be pumped toproduce gain forlight at the wavelength of a laser made with the same material as its gainmedium. Such amplifiers are commonly used to produce high power laser systems.Special types such as regenerative amplifiers and chirped-pulse amplifiers are usedto amplify ultrashort pulses.

2. Dopedfiber amplifiers

Dopedfiber amplifiers:

(DFAs) are optical amplifiers that use a doped opticalfiber as again medium to amplify an optical signal. They are related to fiberlasers. Thesignal to be amplified and a pump laser are multiplexed into thedoped fiber, and the signal is amplified through interaction with the doping ions. The most common example is the Erbium Doped FiberAmplifier (EDFA), where the core of a silica fiber is doped with trivalent Erbium ions and can be efficiently pumped with a laser ata wavelength of 980 nm or1,480 nm, and exhibits gain in the 1,550 nm region.

Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers:

The erbium-dopedfiber amplifier (EDFA) is the most deployed fiber amplifier as itsamplification window coincides with the third transmission window ofsilica-based optical fiber.

Two bands havedeveloped in the third transmission window – the Conventional, orC-band, from approximately 1525 nm – 1565 nm, and the Long, orL-band, from approximately 1570 nm to 1610 nm. Both of these bandscan be amplified by EDFAs, but it is normal to use two different amplifiers,each optimized for one of the bands.

EDFAs have two commonly-used pumping bands – 980 nm and 1480 nm.The 980 nm band has a higher absorption cross-section and is generallyused where low-noise performance is required.

Semiconductor optical amplifier:

Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) are amplifiers which use asemiconductor to provide the gain medium.These amplifiers have a similar structure to Fabry–Pérotlaserdiodes but with anti-reflection design elements at the end faces. Recentdesigns include anti-reflective coatings and tilted waveguideand window regions which can reduce end face reflection to less than 0.001%.Since this creates a loss of power from the cavity which is greater than thegain it prevents the amplifier from acting as a laser.

B-ISDN Protocol Structure (ATM, BBC)

2012-01-15T18:01:00.000+05:30

ProtocolStructure -

B ISDN: Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (BroadbandISDN)

ATMadaptation layer (AAL). This layer is responsible for mapping the serviceoffered by ATM to the service expected by the higher layers. It has twosublayers.

ATMLayer. This layer is independent of the physical medium over which transmissionis to take place. It has those functions: Generic flow control (GFC) function,Cell header generation and extraction, Cell multiplex and demultiplex.

Physicallayer. This consists of two sublayers: Transport Convergence (TC) and Physicalmedium (PM)

Themanagement plane consists of two functions to perform layer management andplane management.

The plane management is not layered as the other layers are.This is because it relies needs information on all aspects of the system toprovide management facilities for the systems as a whole.

The layer managementprovides information and control facilities for the protocol entities thatexists in each individual layer. This includes operation and maintenance (OAM)functions for each layer.

Thecontrol plane is responsible for the supervision of connections, including callset-up, call release and maintenance.

The userplane provides for the transfer of user information. It also includesmechanisms to perform error recovery, flow control etc.

ATM Cell Structure (BBC)

2012-01-15T17:57:00.000+05:30

ATM Cell Structure :-

ATM Cell Header Structure

At eithera private or a public user-network interface (UNI), an ATM cell always consistsof a 5-byte header followed by a 48-byte payload. The header is composed of sixelements, each detailed in Figure.

Generic Flow Control:

TheGeneric Flow Control (GFC) field is a 4-bit field that was originally added tosupport the connection of ATM networks to shared access networks such as aDistributed Queue Dual Bus (DQDB) ring. The GFC field was designed to give theUser-Network Interface (UNI) 4 bits in which to negotiate multiplexing and flowcontrol among the cells of various ATM connections. However, the use and exactvalues of the GFC field have not been standardized, and the field is always setto 0000.

VirtualPath Identifier:

TheVirtual Path Identifier (VPI) defines the virtual path for this particularcell. VPIs for a particular virtual channel connection are discovered duringthe connection setup process for switched virtual circuit (SVC) connections andmanually configured for permanent virtual circuit (PVC) connections. At theUNI, the VPI length of 8 bits allows up to 256 different virtual paths. VPI 0exists by default on all ATM equipment and is used for administrative purposessuch as signaling to create and delete dynamic ATM connections.

Virtual Channel Identifier:

TheVirtual Channel Identifier (VCI) defines the virtual channel within thespecified virtual path for this particular cell. Just as with VPIs, VCIs arealso discovered during the connection setup process for switched virtualcircuit (SVC) connections and manually configured for permanent virtual circuit(PVC) connections. The VCI length of 16 bits allows up to 65,536 differentvirtual channels for each virtual path. VCIs 0 to 15 are reserved by the ITUand VCIs from16 to 32 are reserved by the ATM Forum (for each virtual path).These reserved VCIs are used for signaling, operation and maintenance, andresource management.

Thecombination of VPI and VCI values identifies the virtual circuit for aspecified ATM cell. The VPI/VCI combination provides the ATM forwardinginformation that the ATM switch uses to forward the cell to its destination.The VPI/VCI combination is not a network layer address such as an IP or IPXnetwork address.

TheVPI/VCI combination acts as a local identifier of a virtual circuit and issimilar to the Logical Channel Number in X.25 and the Data Link ConnectionIdentifier (DLCI) in Frame Relay. At any particular ATM endpoint or switch, theVPI/VCI uniquely identifies a virtual circuit to the next ATM endpoint orswitch. The VPI/VCI pair need not match the VCI/VPI used by the finaldestination ATM endpoint.

TheVPI/VCI combination is unique for each transmission path (that is, for eachcable or connection to the ATM switch). However, two different virtual circuitson two different ports on an ATM switch can have the same VPI/VCI withoutconflict.

Payload Type Indicator:

ThePayload Type Indicator (PTI) is a 3-bit field. Its bits are used as follows:

The firstbit indicates the type of ATM cell that follows. A first bit set to 0 indicatesuser data; a bit set to 1 indicates operations, administration & management(OA&M) data.

Thesecond bit indicates whether the cell experienced congestion in its journeyfrom source to destination. This bit is also called the Explicit ForwardCongestion Indication (EFCI) bit. The second bit is set to 0 by the source; ifan interim switch experiences congestion while routing the cell, it sets thebit to 1. After it is set to 1, all other switches in the path leave this bitvalue at 1.

DestinationATM endpoints can use the EFCI bit to implement flow control mechanisms tothrottle back on the transmission rate until cells with an EFCI bit set to 0are received.

The thirdbit indicates the last cell in a block for AAL5 in user ATM cells. For non-userATM cells, the third bit is used for OA&M functions.

Cell Loss Priority:

The CellLoss Priority (CLP) field is a 1-bit field used as a priority indicator. Whenit is set to 0, the cell is high priority and interim switches must make everyeffort to forward the cell successfully. When the CLP bit is set to 1, theinterim switches sometimes discard the cell in congestion situations. The CLPbit is very similar to the Discard Eligibility (DE) bit in Frame Relay.

An ATMendpoint sets the CLP bit to 1 when a cell is created to indicate a lowerpriority cell. The ATM switch can set the CLP to 1 if the cell exceeds thenegotiated parameters of the virtual channel connection. This is similar tobursting above the Committed Information Rate (CIR) in Frame Relay.

Header Error Check:

TheHeader Error Check (HEC) field is an 8-bit field that allows an ATM switch orATM endpoint to correct a single-bit error or to detect multi-bit errors in thefirst 4 bytes of the ATM header. Multi-bit errored cells are silentlydiscarded. The HEC only checks the ATM header and not the ATM payload. Checkingthe payload for errors is the responsibility of upper layer protocols.

Genetic Algorithms ( Artificial Intelligence )

2012-01-11T16:55:00.000+05:30

Genetic Algorithm steps:-

Genetic Algorithm flow chart.

(1) [Start] Generate random population of n chromosomes (Encode suitable solutions for the problem).
(2) [Fitness] Evaluate the fitness f(x) of each chromosome x in the population.

(3) [New population] Create a new population by repeating following steps until the new population is complete.

[Selection] Select two parent chromosomes from a population according to their fitness.
[Crossover] With a crossover probability, cross over the parents to form new offspring (children). If no crossover is performed, the offspring would be the exact copy of parents.
[Mutation] With a mutation probability, mutate the new offspring at each locus (position in chromosome).
[Accepting] Place new offspring in the new population.

(4) [Replace] Use new generated population for a further run of the algorithm.

(5) [Test] If the end condition is satisfied, stop, and return the best solution in the current population.
(6) [Loop] Go to step 2.

■ Genetic Algorithms does unsupervised learning - the right answer is not known beforehand.

Learning in Artificial Intelligence (Unit-3rd)

2012-01-11T14:23:00.000+05:30

Some quotations about Learning...

Herbert Simon, 1983 - Learning denotes changes in a system that enable a system to do the same task more efficiently the next time.
Marvin Minsky, 1986 - Learning is making useful changes in the workings of our minds.
Ryszard Michalski, 1986 - Learning is constructing or modifying representations of what is being experienced.
Mitchell, 1997 - A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to
some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.

1. What is Learning ?
Learning denotes changes in a system that enable the system to dosame task more efficiently next time. Learning is an important feature of “Intelligence”.

1.1 Definition:

A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E. (Mitchell 1997)

This means :

Given : A task T

A performance measure P
Some experience E with the task
Goal : Generalize the experience in a way that allows to improve your performance on the task.

Why do you require Machine Learning ?

■ Understand and improve efficiency of human learning.
■ Discover new things or structure that is unknown to humans.
■ Fill in skeletal or incomplete specifications about a domain

1.2 Learning Agents.

An agent is an entity that is capable of perceiving and do action. An agent can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators.

In computer science an agent is a software agent that assists users and acts in performing computer-related tasks.

1.3 Components of a Learning System:

■ Performance Element: The Performance Element is the agent itself that acts in the world. It takes in percepts and decides on external actions.

■ Learning Element: It responsible for making improvements, takes knowledge about performance element and some feedback, determines how to modify performance element.
■ Critic: Tells the Learning Element how agent is doing (success or failure) by comparing with a fixed standard of performance.
■ Problem Generator: Suggests problems or actions that will generate new examples or experiences that will aid in training the system further.

2. Paradigms of Machine Learning:

■Rote Learning: Learning by memorization; One-to-one mapping from inputs to stored representation; Association-based storage and retrieval.

■Induction: Learning from examples; A form of supervised learning, uses specific examples to reach general conclusions; Concepts are learned from sets of labeled instances.

■Clustering: Discovering similar group; Unsupervised, Inductive learning in which natural classes are found for data instances, as well as ways of classifying them.
■Analogy: Determine correspondence between two different representations that come from Inductive learning in which a system transfers knowledge from one database into another database of a different domain.

■ Discovery: Learning without the help from a teacher; Learning is both inductive and deductive. It is deductive if it proves theorems and discovers concepts about those theorems. It is inductive when it raises conjectures (guess). It is unsupervised, specific goal not given.

■ Genetic Algorithms:Inspired by natural evolution; In the natural world, the organisms that are poorly suited for an environment die off, while those well-suited for it prosper. Genetic algorithms search the space of individuals for good candidates. The "goodness" of an individual is measured by some fitness function. Search takes place in parallel, with many individuals in each generation.

■ Reinforcement: Learning from feedback (+ve or -ve reward) given at end of a sequence of steps. Unlike supervised learning, the reinforcement learning takes place in an environment where the agent cannot directly compare the results of its action to a desired result. Instead, it is given some reward or punishment that relates to its actions. It may win or lose a game, or be told it has made a good move or a poor one. The job of reinforcement learning is to find a successful function using these rewards.

2.1. Rote Learning: Rote learning technique avoids understanding the inner complexities but focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled by thelearner exactly the way it was read or heard.
• Learning by Memorization which avoids understanding the inner complexities the subject that is being learned; Rote learning instead focuses on memorizing the material so that it can be recalled by the learner exactly the way it was read or heard.
• Learning something by Repeating over and over and over again; saying the same thing and trying to remember how to say it; it does not help us to understand; it helps us to remember, like we learn a poem, or a song, or something like that by rote learning.

2.2. Learning from Example, Induction: A process of learning by example. The system tries to induce a general rule from a set of observed instances. The learning methods extract rules and patterns out of massive data sets. The learning processes belong to supervised learning, does classification and constructs class definitions, called induction or concept learning.

The techniques used for constructing class definitions (or concept leaning) are :
• Winston's Learning program

• Version Spaces

• Decision Trees

2.3. Learning by Discovery:- Simon (1966) first proposed the idea that we might explain scientific discovery in computational terms and automate the processes involved on a computer.
Project DENDRAL (Feigenbaum 1971) demonstrated this by inferring structures of organic molecules from mass spectra, a problem previously solved only by experienced chemists.

Later, a knowledge based program called AM the Automated Mathematician (Lenat 1977) discovered many mathematical concepts.

After this, an equation discovery systems called BACON (Langley, 1981)discovered a wide variety of empirical laws such as the ideal gas law. The research continued during the 1980s and 1990s but reduced because the computational biology, bioinformatics and scientific data mining have convinced many researchers to focus on domain-specific methods. But need for research on general principles for scientific reasoning and discovery very much exists.

Discovery system AM relied strongly on theory-driven methods of discovery. BACON employed data-driven heuristics to direct its search for empirical laws. These two discovery programs are illustrated in the next few slides.

2.3.1. Theory Driven Discovery : The Simon's theory driven science, means AI-modeling for theory building. It starts with an existing theory represented in some or all aspects in form of a symbolic model and one tries to transform the theory to a runable program. One important reason for modeling a theory is scientific discovery in the theory driven approach, this means the discovery of new theoretical conclusions, gaps, or inconsistencies. Many computational systems have been developed for modeling different types of discoveries. The Logic Theorist (1956) was designed to prove theorems in logic when AI did not exist. Among the more recent
systems, the Automated Mathematician AM (Lenat, 1979) is a good example in modeling mathematical discovery.

• AM (Automated Mathematician)
AM is a heuristic driven program that discovers concepts in elementary
mathematics and set theory. AM has 2 inputs:
(a) description of some concepts of set theory: e.g. union, intersection;
(b) information on how to perform mathematics. e.g. functions.
AM have successively rediscovered concepts such as :
(a) Integers , Natural numbers, Prime Numbers;
(b) Addition, Multiplication, Factorization theorem ;
(c) Maximally divisible numbers, e.g. 12 has six divisors 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.

2.3.2. Data Driven Discovery: Data driven science, in contrast to theory driven, starts with empirical data or the input-output behavior of the real system without an explicitly given theory. The modeler tries to write a computer program which generates the empirical data or input-output behavior of the system. Typically, models are produced in a generate-and-test-procedure. Generate-and-test means writing program code which tries to model the i-o-behavior of the real
system first approximately and then improve as long as the i-o-behaviordoes not correspond to the real system. A family of such discovery models are known as BACON programs.

• BACON System:-
Equation discovery is the area of machine learning that develops methods for automated discovery of quantitative laws, expressed in the form of equations, in collections of measured data. BACON is pioneer among equation discovery systems.

BACON is a family of algorithms for discovering scientific laws from data.

a) BACON.1 discovers simple numeric laws.

b) BACON.3 is a knowledge based system, has discovered simple empirical laws like physicists and shown its generality by rediscovering the Ideal gas law, Kepler's third law, Ohm's law and more.

2.4 Analogy: Learning by analogy means acquiring new knowledge about an input entity by transferring it from a known similar entity. This technique transforms the solutions of problems in one domain to the solutions of the problems in another domain by discovering analogous states and operators in the two domains.

Example: Infer by analogy the hydraulics laws that are similar to Kirchoff's laws.

2.5 Neural net and Genetic Learning: The Neural net, the Genetic learning and the Reinforcement learning are the Biology-inspired AI techniques. In this section the Neural net and Genetic learning are briefly described.
a) Neural Net (NN)
A neural net is an artificial representation of the human brain that tries to simulate its learning process. An artificial neural network (ANN) is often just called a "neural network" (NN).
■ Neural Networks model a brain learning by example.
■ Neural networks are structures "trained" to recognize input patterns.
■ Neural networks typically take a vector of input values and produce a vector of output values; inside, they train weights of "neurons".
■ A Perceptron is a model of a single `trainable' neuron.

b) Genetic Learning: Genetic algorithms (GAs) are part of evolutionary computing. GA is a rapidly growing area of AI.

■ Genetic algorithms are implemented as a computer simulation, where techniques are inspired by evolutionary biology.

■ Mechanics of biological evolution: Every organism has a set of rules, describing how that organism is built, and encoded in the genes of an organism.
a) The genes are connected together into long strings called chromosomes.

b) Each gene represents a specific trait (feature) of the organism and has several different settings, e.g. setting for a hair color gene may be black or brown.

c) The genes and their settings are referred as an organism's genotype.
d) When two organisms mate they share their genes. The resultant offspring may end up having half the genes from one parent and half from the other. This process is called cross over.
e) A gene may be mutated and expressed in the organism as a completely new trait.

■ Thus, Genetic Algorithms are a way of solving problems by mimicking processes the nature uses ie Selection, Crosses over, Mutation and Accepting to evolve a solution to a problem.

2.6. Reinforcement Learning: Reinforcement learning refers to a class of problems in machine learning which postulate an agent exploring an environment.
a) The agent perceives its current state and takes actions.
b) The environment, in return, provides a reward positive or negative.
c) The algorithms attempt to find a policy for maximizing cumulative reward for the agent over the course of the problem.

In other words, the definition of Reinforcement learning is :
" A computational approach to learning whereby an agent tries to maximize the total amount of reward it receives when interacting with a complex, uncertain environment."

Reinforcement learning is “a way of programming agents by reward and punishment without needing to specify how the task is to be achieved”.

Key Features of RL:

■ The learner is not told what actions to take, instead it find finds out what to do by trial-and-error search.

■ The environment is stochastic; ie., the behavior is non-deterministic means a "state" does not fully determine its next "state".
■ The reward may be delayed, so the learner may need to sacrifice short-term gains for greater long-term gains.

■ The learner has to balance between the need to explore its environment and the need to exploit its current knowledge.

Planning in Artificial Intelligence (Unit-3rd)

2012-01-11T12:34:00.000+05:30

Planningand Learning:

Neuronpresent in our brain is responsible for thinking.

NeuralNetwork (Artificial Network):

AnAI neural network is a system based on the biological neural n/w. In otherwords, it is an immolation of biological neural system. Although, computing innow a day is truly advanced. There are certain task that a program made for acommon microprocessor is able to perform

even so, a s/w implementation of a neural network canbe made with their advantage and dis-advantages.

Advantages:

1. A neural network can perform tasks that a linear programmer cannot.

2. It can be implemented in any application.

3. A neural n/w learns and don’t need to re-programmed.

4. When an element of the neural network fails, it can continue withoutany problem by their parallel nature.

Disadvantage:

1. The neural network needs training to operate.

2. The architecture of neural network is different from the architectureof microprocessor, so need to be emulated.

3. It requires high processing time for last neural network.

Planning:

Intelligentagents must be able to set goals and achieve them. They need a way to visualizethe future and be able to make choices that maximize the utility if availablechoices. In classical planning problems, the agents can assume that it is theonly thing acting on the world, and it can be certain about what the certainconsequences of its action may be.

However, if this is not true, it must periodicallycheck if the world make its predictions & it must change its plan as thisbecome necessary requiring the agent to reason under uncertainty.

Planningis finding a sequence of operator that transforms an initial state into a goalstate. Planning is the representation of state, action and goal. Researches inAI have studied planning for many years and many techniques exist forautomating planning process.

The issue include:

1. How to represent action and the world state.

2. How to represent the time.

3. How to dynamically combine planning and execution.

Specified planning techniques means and analysis, linearand non-linear planning, partial order planning, heuristic planning,conditional planning.

Initial state ->> Action ->> Goal->> Plan.

Planning insituational calculus:

Situationalcalculus is predicate calculus, formalization of states, action and effect ofactions on states. Planning is formalized as asking question like “Does theirexist a state that it satisfy the goal ?”

Resolutiontheorem applied is to solve the problem, situations are connected by the resultfunction i.e.

SI=Result (a,S) is a function giving the situation that result from ding action“a” while the situation is “S”.

Consider the task, Get milk, banana, and a code-lessdrill:-

1. Initial State: is at (Home, S) /\ Have ( milk, S) /\ Have (banana, S) …….

2. Action: Have (milk, Result (a,S)) <=>[(a=buy (milk) /\ at super market) /\ (Have milk,S) /\ a != drop (milk)]

3. Query: There exist-

Forall p(S)= plan result (p,S) /\ at (home,S) /\ have(milk,S) /\ have(banana, S)/\.....

4. Bounded vars: variables which are with for all,and there exist notations. Else all are free variables.

Solution:

p=[Go (supermarket),buy(milk), buy(banana), Go(hardware shop), buy(drill), ……]

Representationof Plans:

Aplan is formally defined as data structure consisting of following 4components-

1. A set of plan steps.

2. A set of step ordering constraints.

3. A set of var binding constraints.

4. A set of casual links.

Key difference between plan space planning andsituation space planning:- In situation space planners, all specs are vars& all ordering must be fixed when each operation is applied.

Whilein plan space planners make commitments only as necessary. Hence plan spaceplanners are least commitment plans.

PartialOrder Planning:

1. Basic idea: Search in plan space and use least commitment whenpossible.

2. Plan Space search: Search space is set of partial plans, Plan is tuple where A is set of actions,o is set of ordering, B is set of binding.

3. Initial Plans: <{Start, Finish} {start, finish}>

a. Start has no pre-condition, its effect are initial state.

b. Finish has no effect, its pre-condition is goal.

4. Least Commitments:

a. Basic Idea: Make choices that are relevant to solve the current part ofproblem.

b. Least commitment choices:

i. Ordering: Leave action unordered unless they must be sequential.

ii. Binding: Leave vars unbound unless needed to unified with conditionsbeing achieved.

iii. Actions: Usually not subjected to least commitment.

c. Refinment:

i. Only add info to the current plans.

ii. Transformational planning can remove choices.

PlanTerminology:

1. Totally ordered Plan: there exist sufficient ordering ‘O’ such that allaction is ‘A’ are ordered with respect to each other.

2. Fully instantaneous Plans: there exist sufficient constraint in ‘B’such that all vars are constraint to the equal to some constant.

3. Consistent Plan: there is no contradiction in ‘O’ or ‘B’.

4. Complete Plan: every prediction ‘P’ of every AI action in ‘A’ isachieved.

There exist an effect of anaction ‘aj’ that comes before AI and unifies with ‘P’ & no action AK thatdetects ‘P’ comes between aj and AI.

Advantageand dis-advantage of POP:

Advantages:

1. POP os sound and complete.

2. Typically procedure optimal solution i.e plan length.

3. Least commitment may lead to shorter time search.

Dis-advantages:

1. Significantly more complex algo’s (higher per node cost)

2. Hard to determine what is true in state.

3. Large search spaces since concurrent action are a lot.

** Stay connected for notes on Learning in Artificial Intelligence and more...

Framework, component & architecture of .NET

2011-12-27T19:31:00.000+05:30

Introduction:

Visual Basic (VB) is thethird-generation event-driven programming language and integrated development environment(IDE) from Microsoftfor its COM programming model.VB is also considereda relatively easy to learn and use programming language, because of itsgraphical development features and BASIC heritage.

VisualBasic was derived from Basic and enables the rapid application development (RAD)of graphical user interface (GUI)applications, access to databases using Data Access Objects, Remote Data Objects, or ActiveX Data Objects, and creation of ActiveX controlsand objects. Scripting languages such as VBA and VBScript aresyntactically similar to Visual Basic, but perform differently.

Aprogrammer can put together an application using the components provided withVisual Basic itself. Programs written in Visual Basic can also use the Windows API,but doing so requires external function declarations.

Architecture

Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)

Thepurpose of the Common Language Infrastructure, or CLI, is to provide alanguage-neutral platform for application development and execution, includingfunctions for exception handling, garbage collection, security andinteroperability. By implementing the core aspects of the .NET Framework withinthe scope of the CLR, this functionality will not be tied to a single languagebut will be available across the many languages supported by the framework.Microsoft's implementation of the CLI is called the Common Language Runtime or CLR.

Assemblies

The CIL code is housed in .NETassemblies. As mandated by specification, assemblies are stored in the Portable Executable (PE) format, common on theWindows platform for all DLL and EXE files. The assembly consists of one ormore files, one of which must contain the manifest, which has the metadata forthe assembly. The complete name of an assembly (not to be confused with thefilename on disk) contains its simple text name, version number, culture, and public keytoken. The public key token is a unique hash generated when the assembly iscompiled, thus two assemblies with the same public key token are guaranteed tobe identical from the point of view of the framework. A private key can also bespecified known only to the creator of the assembly and can be used for strongnaming and to guarantee that the assembly is from the same author when a newversion of the assembly is compiled (required to add an assembly to the Global Assembly Cache).

Metadata

AllCIL is self-describing through .NETmetadata. The CLR checks the metadata to ensure that the correct method iscalled. Metadata is usually generated by language compilers but developers cancreate their own metadata through custom attributes. Metadata containsinformation about the assembly, and is also used to implement the reflective programming capabilitiesof .NET Framework

Security

.NEThas its own security mechanism with two general features: Code Access Security (CAS), and validation andverification. Code Access Security is based on evidence that is associated witha specific assembly. Typically the evidence is the source of the assembly(whether it is installed on the local machine or has been downloaded from theintranet or Internet). Code Access Security uses evidence to determine thepermissions granted to the code. Other code can demand that calling code isgranted a specified permission. The demand causes the CLR to perform a callstack walk: every assembly of each method in the call stack is checked for therequired permission; if any assembly is not granted the permission a securityexception is thrown.

Whenan assembly is loaded the CLR performs various tests. Two such tests arevalidation and verification. During validation the CLR checks that the assemblycontains valid metadata and CIL, and whether the internal tables are correct.Verification is not so exact. The verification mechanism checks to see if thecode does anything that is 'unsafe'. The algorithm used is quite conservative;hence occasionally code that is 'safe' does not pass. Unsafe code will only beexecuted if the assembly has the 'skip verification' permission, whichgenerally means code that is installed on the local machine.

.NETFramework uses AppDomains as a mechanism for isolating code runningin a process. AppDomains can be created and codeloaded into or unloaded from them independent of other AppDomains. This helpsincrease the fault tolerance of the application, as faults or crashes in oneAppDomains do not affect rest of the application. AppDomains can also beconfigured independently with different security privileges. This can helpincrease the security of the application by isolating potentially unsafe code.The developer, however, has to split the application into subdomains; it is notdone by the CLR.

Memory management

The.NET Framework CLR frees the developer from the burden of managing memory(allocating and freeing up when done); instead it does the memory managementitself. To this end, the memory allocated to instantiations of .NET types(objects) is done contiguouslfrom the managed heap, a poolof memory managed by the CLR. As long as there exists a reference to an object,which might be either a direct reference to an object or via a graph of objects, the object is consideredto be in use by the CLR. When there is no reference to an object, and it cannotbe reached or used, it becomes garbage. However, it still holds on to thememory allocated to it. .NET Framework includes a garbage collector which runsperiodically, on a separate thread from the application's thread, thatenumerates all the unusable objects and reclaims the memory allocated to them.

The.NET Garbage Collector (GC) is anon-deterministic, compacting, mark-and-sweep garbage collector. The GC runsonly when a certain amount of memory has been used or there is enough pressurefor memory on the system. Since it is not guaranteed when the conditions toreclaim memory are reached, the GC runs are non-deterministic. Each .NETapplication has a set of roots, which are pointers to objects on the managedheap (managed objects). These include references to static objects andobjects defined as local variables or method parameters currently in scope, aswell as objects referred to by CPU registers.When the GCruns, it pauses the application, and for each object referred to in the root,it recursivelyenumerates all the objects reachable from the root objects and marks them asreachable. It uses .NET metadata and reflection to discover theobjects encapsulated by an object, and then recursively walk them. It thenenumerates all the objects on the heap (which were initially allocatedcontiguously) using reflection. All objects not marked as reachable aregarbage. This is the mark phase Since the memory held by garbage is not of anyconsequence, it is considered free space. However, this leaves chunks of freespace between objects which were initially contiguous. The objects are then compactedtogether, by using memcpy to copy them over to the free space to make them contiguous again.Anyreference to an object invalidated by moving the object is updated to reflectthe new location by the GC. The application is resumed after the garbagecollection is over.

Versions:

Microsoftstarted development on the .NET Framework in the late 1990s originally underthe name of Next Generation Windows Services (NGWS). By late 2000 the firstbeta versions of .NET 1.0 were released.

.NET ARCHITECTURE:-

Framework:

.NET Framework 1.0

Thisis the first release of the .NET Framework, released on 13 February 2002 andavailable for Windows 98, Me, NT 4.0, 2000, and XP. Mainstream support for thisversion ended 10 July 2007, and extended support ended 14 July 2009 by Microsoft

.NET Framework 1.1

Thisis the first major .NET Framework upgrade. It is available on its own as a redistributable package or in asoftware development kit, and was published on 3 April 2003. It is also part ofthe second release of Microsoft Visual Studio .NET (released as Visual Studio.NET 2003). This is the first version of the .NET Framework to be included aspart of the Windows operating system, shipping with Windows Server 2003. Mainstream support for.NET Framework 1.1 ended on 14 October 2008, and extended support ends on 8October 2013. Since .NET 1.1 is a component of Windows Server 2003, extendedsupport for .NET 1.1 on Server 2003 will run out with that of the OS -currently 14 July 2015.

.NET Framework 2.0

The 2.0 Redistributable Package can be downloaded for free from Microsoft, and was published on 22 January 2006.
The 2.0 Software Development Kit (SDK) can be downloaded for free from Microsoft.
It is included as part of Visual Studio 2005 and Microsoft SQL Server 2005.

Changes in 2.0 in comparison with 1.1

Numerous API changes.
A new hosting API for native applications wishing to host an instance of the .NET runtime. The new API gives a fine grain control on the behavior of the runtime with regards to multithreading, memory allocation, assembly loading and more (detailed reference). It was initially developed to efficiently host the runtime in Microsoft SQL Server, which implements its own scheduler and memory manager.
Full 64-bit support for both the x64 and the IA64 hardware platforms.
Language support for generics built directly into the .NET CLR.

.NET Framework 3.0

.NETFramework 3.0, formerly called WinFX, was released on 21 November 2006.It includes a new set of managed code APIs that are an integral part of WindowsVista and Windows Server 2008 operating systems. It isalso available for Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 as a download. There are nomajor architectural changes included with this release; .NET Framework 3.0 usesthe Common Language Runtime of .NET Framework2.0. Unlike the previous major .NET releases there was no .NET CompactFramework release made as a counterpart of this version.

.NETFramework 3.0 consists of four major new components:

Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), formerly code-named Avalon; a new user interface subsystem and API based on XML and vector graphics, which uses 3D computer graphics hardware and Direct3D technologies. See WPF SDK for developer articles and documentation on WPF.
Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), formerly code-named Indigo; a service-oriented messaging system which allows programs to interoperate locally or remotely similar to web services.
Windows Workflow Foundation (WF) allows for building of task automation and integrated transactions using workflows.
Windows CardSpace, formerly code-named InfoCard; a software component which securely stores a person's digital identities and provides a unified interface for choosing the identity for a particular transaction, such as logging in to a website.

.NET Framework 4

Key focuses for this release are:

Parallel Extensions to improve support for parallel computing, which target multi-core or distributed systems. To this end, technologies like PLINQ (Parallel LINQ), a parallel implementation of the LINQ engine, and Task Parallel Library, which exposes parallel constructs via method calls, are included.
New Visual Basic .NET and C# language features, such as implicit line continuations, dynamic dispatch, named parameters, and optional parameters.
Support for Code Contracts.
Inclusion of new types to work with arbitrary-precision arithmetic (System.Numerics.BigInteger) and complex numbers.

Result

The framework and its components as well as its architecture have beenstudied.

Recover Deleted files easily.

2011-12-26T18:24:00.000+05:30

Have you accidentally deleted an important file?
or Lost some important data when your computer get crashed? No problem!
Recuva recovers all files deleted from your
Windows computer, Recycle Bin, or SD card. And it's free!

Recuva restores files that have been accidentally deleted from your computer. This includes files deleted from the Recycle bin as well other files that have been deleted by user accidentally. It will even bring back files that have been deleted from your iPod, crashes and viruses!

Features of software:-

Simple to use interface - just click 'Scan' and choose the files you want to recover.
Easy to use filter for results based on file name/type.
Simple interface with List and Tree view.
It can also be run from a USB drive.
Restores all types of files, office documents, images, video, music, anything.
Supports almost file systems like FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, exFAT, NTFS.
Restores files from removable media (SD cards, MemoryStick, Digital cameras, Floppy disks etc.) also.
It can Restores files from external drives, and USB Hard drives.
It's a fast utility, tiny and takes seconds to run!

Click here to download this software.

How To Open Docx Files Without Microsoft Word

2011-12-24T23:22:00.000+05:30

This tutorial is for all those people who dont have Microsoft office 2007 and they want to open docx files.Microsoft introduced the docx format with the release of its 2007 office suit.All the files created in Microsoft office 2007 are by default in the format of docx,pptx,xlsx which arenot compatible with the 2003 office suite of Microsoft.
If you dont want to buy Microsoft office 2007 or you dont want to upgrade your office suite from 2003 to 2007 or
2010 version then in this tutorial you will learn that how we can use alternative freeware utilities to resolve this situation.
We are providing you with Four Solutions to solve this problem.

1. Use Microsoft Office compatibility pack
Well this option is for only those user who have Microsoft office 2003 installed on their systems.Microsoft office compatibility pack will convert the docx format into a compatible format that can be easily opened with the Microsoft 2003 office suite.It is available for download directly from Microsoft official website.

2. Download Open Office
Open office is the default office suite for Linux users .It is available for downloading for windows,Linux as well as Mac users.It is available for free and as the name suggests it is also open source.It is also compatible with some other formats.

3. Dev Vicky world 2010 office suite
If you want to go for a very light weight application then go for this software.It is a freeware utility that can be used to open docx files.

4. Use Google Docs to open Docx Files
Google Docs is an online suite to view files on the Internet.You can upload your document into it and view it.Another method that you can use is that you send a gmail email to your own email id with the Docx file attached to it.When you will open this email gmail will give you an option to view this mail.
If you know any other method.Please leave a comment and we will add it into this Post.

Disable Send To Option From Right Click Menu

2011-12-24T22:57:00.000+05:30

You must have seen Send To option when you right click on any file/folder. This Send To option helps you to send your files/folders from one location (drive) to another. This also acts as a shortcut key to send files to any external storage media (Pen Drive, Memory Card). But by this trick you can also Disable this feature by making

changes in window’s Registry settings. Now if someone try to get any data from your computer he/she should have to copy/paste the data rather than to use this Send To option.

Trick to Disable Send To option on Right Click in Context Menu:-

Type Run in the start up search box and press enter or press Win+R.
Type Regedit and click OK.

Now navigate to following location:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\AllFilesystemObjects\shellex\ContextMenuHandlers\Send To

Double Click on the Default in the right window pane.
Now there you will see Hexadecimal value written in the Value data field. Remove this code (make it blank) and click OK.

That’s it! Now Send To option will be gone from your context menu when you right click on any file/folder. You can also recover this option back by putting this Hexadecimal value back in the Value data field. So it is better to copy/paste that value somewhere in your computer.

Disable Autoplay USB or CD/DVD Drives

2011-12-24T22:47:00.000+05:30

When an external media like CD/DVD or USB is plugged into your windows computer it automatically suggests applications to open the content.Before opening you should always scan the external media with your antivirus to prevent Viruses and trojans.
If Real Time protection is not enabled in your antivirus and you open content using Autoplay then your computer will be vulnerable to virus attacks.

Steps To Disable autoplay USB or CD/DVD Drives:-

Click on Start button and then on Run (or press Window+R button).
Type gpedit.msc in the Run Command and click on OK.

In pop up window select Administrative Templates under Computer Configuration section from left window pane and double click on Windows Components in right window pane.

Now look for the Auto-play Policies and double click on it.

Now double click on Turn off Auto-play.

In the pop up window select Enabled button and in Turn off Auto-play On section select CD-ROM and removable media drives.

Now click on Apply button and then on OK button.

That’s it now when you will insert any USB or CD/DVD drive in your computer then it won’t be launch automatically.

Update Windows OS Without Internet Connection

2011-12-24T22:29:00.000+05:30

Microsoft frequently releases Security and other essential updates for windows.These updates fix newly discovered bugs and flaws and increases efficeny and protection of Windows.If you don’t have internet connection or have slow internet then
you can’t get the updates directly from microsft instead you have to use a third party utlity called Autopatcher.

AutoPacher allows you to download for your windows Operating system and saves it for offline installation.This gives you the liberty to update any computer without internet connection.

Steps to Update Windows OS Without Internet Connection:

Carry your Pen Drive and Go to your nearby Cyber Cafe then download Autopatcher software from here.
After downloading this software just install and run it.
It will prompt you to select the OS for which you want to download the updates and click on Next button.
Now Select your OS whether it is 32-bit or 64-bit supported. If it is 32-bit then select X86 otherwise select X64 and click on Next button.
A list of all updates for your OS will be shown.
Select all the Updates and click on Download button.
After finishing the download just copy/paste all the downloaded updates in your Pen Drive.
Now insert this Pen-drive into your system for which you have downloaded all these updates and install them.

That’s it! This is the best method to install the updates in Offline mode and secure your PC. This works for all windows OS (Window 7/Vista/XP).

Temporarily Lock your PC when Someone Enter Wrong Password

2011-12-24T22:24:00.000+05:30

When you are away from your desk somebody (colleagues,friends) may try to login into your computer by guessing your password.We will use windows security settings to temporarily lock your computer if wrong password entered more than couple of times.This will make it harder to guess your password as after 3 wrong passwords your system will get locked for 30 minutes

Steps to Lock your PC After Wrong Password Attempts:-

In the Start up search box type Local Security Policy and press enter.

From the left window pane expand Account Policies and select Account Lockout Policy option in it.

Now in the right window pane look for the Account lockout threshold option and double click on it.

A new window will be open and give the value after how many invalid password attempts you want to lock your computer.
Click on Apply button and a window will be open telling you Account will lock down for 30 minutes. You can also change the time settings by clicking on the Reset account lockout counter according to your need.
Now click OK.

That’s it. Now your computer will be temporally locked for some time that you had set in the settings when someone will enter Wong password.

Make Your Computer Faster (General Tips)

2011-12-24T22:04:00.000+05:30

There are times when your computer could perform slower than normal, while there are times you could just get frustrated and pissed off. Slow computer performance can also alter your productivity output and leave you performing lesser than you would on a normal day.

Your computer isn’t running at the same speed it was when
you got it new because a lot of changes have happened between that space of time and now. The more applications, files and folders
and even the new documents you create everyday have their impact in making your computer running slow. Following are some ways to quickly recover the normal speed of your computer.

1. Remove Spyware and Protect your Computer against Viruses

The first thing you should diagnose your slow computer for is virus infection. Viruses can come into your computer so far there is a contact between your computer and other computers – this can also be through the internet.

To battle virus infection, you must have a reliable antivirus program installed on your computer. This antivirus program must be kept up to date, regularly. The most important thing in having an antivirus program is keeping it updated regularly. With my computer which I use for my blog that talks about discounts for weight watchers and bistro md coupon, I have made it a point of duty to see that my antivirus program is of the latest version and I don’t miss an update.

2. Make access to data easy for your computer

When accessing data on your computer’s hard disk becomes difficult for your system it will result in your computer performing slow. The data on your computer’s hard drive may become cluttered and result in causing your computer to become slow in performance.
In essence, your data are getting cluttered because your hard disk is fragmenting them. To make accessing data on your computer’s hard drive easy for your computer you’ll have to run disk defragmenter on your system regularly. If you use your computer every day, you should defragment your hard disk once every week.

3. Free up disk space

Another thing you should do to make your computer perform faster is to free up disk space. Over time, you must have saved a lot of files on your hard drive and if you do not remove the ones that are no-longer useful to you, your system will continue to perform slowly.
Start sorting out the important files on your computer from the files you no longer need. Keep you important documents in specified folders to save them from mixing up with old and unused files so that you can easily remove the ones you no longer need from your computer.

4. Clear up Temporary Internet Files

Temporary internet files are, perhaps, the major elements that contribute to your computer being slow in performance. Clear the temporary internet files your web browsers must have saved on your computer’s hard disk to save more disk space.
You can also limit the amount of your hard disk space your cache will be using to a very minimal amount. This will eradicate every possibility of your temporary internet files taking up too much of your hard disk space. As you can see in the image below, I limit the amount of space my internet cache will be using to 1024MB or 1gb which is still far from the 175MB my cache has used.

ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode

2011-12-23T12:57:00.000+05:30

Definition:ATM is ahigh-speed networking standard designed to support both voice and datacommunications. ATM is normally utilized by Internet service providers on theirprivate long-distance networks. ATM operates at the data link layer (Layer 2 inthe OSI model) over either fiber or twisted-paircable.

ATMdiffers from more common data link technologies like
Ethernet in several ways. For example, ATMutilizes no routing. Hardware devices known as ATM switches establishpoint-to-point connections between endpoints and data flows directly fromsource to destination. Additionally, instead of using variable-length packetsas Ethernet does, ATM utilizes fixed-sized cells. ATM cells are 53 bytes in length, that includes 48 bytes of dataand five (5) bytes of header information.

Theperformance of ATM is often expressed in the form of OC (Optical Carrier)levels, written as "OC-xxx." Performance levels as high as 10 Gbps (OC-192) are technically feasible with ATM.More common performance levels for ATM are 155 Mbps (OC-3) and 622 Mbps(OC-12).

ATMtechnology is designed to improve utilization and quality of service (QoS) on high-trafficnetworks. Without routing and with fixed-size cells, networks can much moreeasily manage bandwidth under ATM than under Ethernet, forexample. The high cost of ATM relative to Ethernet is one factor that haslimited its adoption to "backbone" and other high-performance,specialized networks.

ATM letscompanies settle on a single technology standard for all their differentcommunication needs. With ATM technology voice, audio, video & datacommunications can all be carried over the one seamless network.

Four ATM packages are available:

E1 Access:- 2MB access over copper or fibre optic cable. E1 Access can be configured either as a 2MB permanent virtual path (PVP) or divided into 2x1MB paths.
E3 Access:- 34 MB Access over fibre optic cable. E3 Access can be configured as a 34MB Permanent Virtual Path (PVP) or divided into smaller paths to serve multiple locations in a company WAN Environment.
STM1 Access:-155MB over fibre optic cable. STM1 Access can be configured as a 155MB Permanent Virtual Path (PVP) or divided into smaller paths to suit your WAN (Wide Area Network) environment.
STM4 Access:- 622Mb over fibre optic cable.

Please note that backup facilities can be provided for E1, E3 and STM1 Links. Backup facilities are not available for STM4 Access.

Compiler design overview (ppt)

2011-12-22T03:31:00.000+05:30

A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to transform
source code is to create an executable program.Read more about compiler design.
Compiler Design Overview

Download B.Tech (MDU) Syllabus.

2011-12-22T03:11:00.000+05:30

Syllabus for different disciplines of B.Tech (MDU, Rohtak) can be downloaded from here.Read More to get the download link..

Download B.Tech ( Kuk ) Syllabus.

2011-12-21T22:07:00.000+05:30

Syllabus for different disciplines of B.Tech (Kurukshetra University) can be downloaded from here.Click Read More to get the download links.

Mission Impossible-4 official video trailer

2011-12-21T12:00:00.000+05:30

MI — Ghost Protocol is a terrific thriller with action sequences that function as a kind of action poetry. The best one has Tom Cruise hanging more than 100 storeys up on the glass windows of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.

Types of Operating System

2011-12-21T01:33:00.000+05:30

Notes on Operating system classifications, Expand post to read more...

Types Of Operating Systems

Download VB.NET lab (6th sem) lab practicals.

2011-12-13T20:12:00.000+05:30

Subject- VB.Net Lab, Simply click below links and download well formatted specific practical. All these documents are prepared by KITM (IT, 2nd batch students).

Download BBC lab (7th sem) practicals.

2011-12-12T10:25:00.000+05:30

Download Broadband Communication lab practicals here. These practicals are in Jpeg format makes it easy to write these practicals.